林火对景观格局的影响及其应用

运用林火生态和景观生态学理论,通过林火生态特性、生态过程及景观研究方法,阐述了林火对景观格局的影响;分析了林火与景观结构、功能、动态、格局和景观多样性的相互关系;简要概括了目前对林火与景观格局的研究和应用现状。     

Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with bark beetles onAbies veitchii in wave-regenerated forests

Relationships between tree mortality and bark beetle infestation onAbies veitchii at the wave-regenerated forest in Mt. Asahi, Okuchichibu area were investigated. Most of the firs with green needles and newly developed current year’s shoots in the dieback zone were heavily infested by bark beetles before the death of the trees. After heavy infestation of beetles, about half of the infested firs died within the year, and the other half died in the next year. When the species composition of bark beetles and associated ophiostomatoid fungi were investigated in Mt. Asahi and also at a typical wave-regenerated forest in Mt. Shimagare, Yatsugatake area,Cryphalus montanus andC. piceae were dominant beetle species for Mt. Asahi and Mt. Shimagare, respectively.Ophiostoma subalpinum andO. europhioides were dominant fungal species at both wave-generated forests. BecauseO. subalpinum was detected more frequently from deeper areas of sapwood thanO. europhioides, it was suggested that the fungal species may accelerate the death of stressed firs in wave-regenerated forests. Contribution No. 169, Laboratory of Plant Parasitic Mycology, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba.     

A Study on Water Exchange in Root Zone of ProtectiveForest Ecosystem in Loess Area

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季节性河道渗漏野外试验研究

为研究季节性河流大沽河河道的渗漏规律,以包气带水分运动理论为基础,在大沽河上、中游建立有代表性的试验场,进行野外现场入渗试验,研究不同包气带岩性下河道的入渗能力.结果表明:干涸河道入渗过程可分为非稳定入渗和稳定入渗两个阶段;包气带的水理性质影响着河床的入渗规律,大沽河河道上游的入渗率比中游的入渗率大,上游和中游南沙梁村...     

低碳经济背景下的关中-天水经济区城市群定位及发展路径选择

城市群是国民经济的重要载体,衡量一个国家或地区社会经济发展水平的重要标志。城市群已成为我国城镇化发展的主体形态,城市群内各个城市间的相互作用能产生单个城市所没有的整体经济效益,从而达到1+1>2的共赢态势。在低碳经济背景下,我国城市群必然迎来新一轮的加速发展热潮。文中通过对我国中西部五大城市群进行比较研究,分析了关中-天水经济区城市群发展的主要特征和发展基础,最后提出城市群发展的路径。     

Effects of Land Use and Wildfires on the Habitat Selection of Great Bustard (Otis tarda l.)—Implications for Species Conservation

Increasing agricultural activities have been shown to affect soil and vegetation changes leading to serious biodiversity declines throughout the world. These effects are amplified in dry grassland areas, where resulting changes in habitat structure affect threatened animals on long temporal scales. Great bustards (Otis tarda) inhabit open landscapes where fire and grazing have been a part of the natural disturbance regime since historical times. Even fire and grazing are hypothesized to be important factors in the lifecycle of the species, studies are still missing on disturbance‐related lekking distribution patterns of great bustards. We analyzed the importance of fires and grazing on the spatial distribution of lekking bustards controlling for habitat types, habitat diversity, distance from roads and social effects. Our standardized dataset spanned 31 years, being one of the largest datasets on bustard lekking. During the 31 years we observed 10 118 individuals at 639 observation points in Hortobágy National Park, East‐Hungary. One of the most important predictors for total number of birds and number of males was the area burnt in previous years. We found that increased habitat diversity had a positive effect on female numbers. Models fit on second‐ and third‐year burn data detected no substantial role of burning on lekking distribution. Our results suggest that introduction of a patch‐burning management system in lekking areas could increase the availability of optimal lek sites for bustards. As an effective management tool, we suggest applying patch‐burning annually in a spatially mosaic structure inside the area occupied by each sub‐population unit. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

薄竹单板浸渍工艺对阻燃胶合板性能的影响

在常压下研究了温度、时间、复配阻燃剂质量分数等不同浸渍工艺参数对薄竹单板载药量的影响,测定了不同载药量薄竹胶合板的燃烧和力学性能。结果表明,在温度为60℃,时间为8h,复配阻燃剂质量分数为30%时,单板载药量趋于稳定;单板厚度增加,单板载药量会相应减少。力学性能表明,经过阻燃处理的薄竹胶合板随着载药量的增加,胶合强度有所下降,与未处理试样的胶合强度相比,经载药量为6%,8%,10%和12%阻燃处理的胶合板胶合强度分别下降了16.1%,22.0%,28.0%和35.6%,含水率范围为12.3%~13.2%,胶合强度和含水率均能满足Ⅱ类胶合板的要求。燃烧性能表明,随着载药量的增加,胶合板的点燃时间和残余质量逐渐增加,而总热释放量和总烟释放量逐渐减小,阻燃效果明显。因此,利用常压浸渍工艺生产阻燃薄竹胶合板是可行的。     

基于火强度的西山国家森林公园主要可燃物类型划分

通过外业调查和室内测定,获得西山国家森林公园主要可燃物的相关参数,输入BehavePlus模型,得到潜在火行为参数,以火强度大小为主要指标划分主要可燃物类型,结果表明:在坡度分别为25°和35°情形下,高强度火的林分为地盘松林、麻栎林和云南油杉林,中强度火的林分是华山松林和滇青冈林,低强度火的林分只有旱冬瓜林。研究结果可合理划分火险等级,实施科学的火管理。     

火烧对不同植被恢复类型物种多样性的影响

以山西省三交林场火烧迹地为研究对象,采用群落调查方法,分析了在自然更新下的不同植被恢复类型(油松人工林、灌木林、草本丛)下物种的组成及生物多样性。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,重度火烧后,草本丛的优势种重要值变化不明显,但喜阴耐旱的植物重要值显著升高;而灌木林主要以阳生耐旱草本植物占主要优势;油松人工林林分群落结构变化只是在灌木层和草本层中一些物种的更替。(2)重度火烧后所有植物的Simpson多样性指数均大于对照样地,油松人工林在重度火烧后多样性明显升高,油松人工林草本丛灌木林地。说明重度火烧2a后,不同类型植被恢复仍有一定的变化。     

10种常绿阔叶树种理化性质的研究

常绿阔叶树种是森林的主要植物种类,具有含水率高的特点。选择石栎Lithocarpus glaper、拟赤杨Alniphyllum tortunei、冬青Ilex chinensis、樟树Cinnamomum philippinense、木荷Schima superba、罗浮栲Castanopsis fabri、山杜英Elaeocarpus decipiens、甜槠Castanopsis eyrei、苦槠Castanopsis sclerophylla、油茶Camellia oleifera 10种常绿阔叶树种,采集不同树种的树叶、树枝和树皮,烘干粉碎后在室内进行理化性质的测定分析,以不同树种器官的含水率、热值、燃点、木质素、粗纤维、粗灰分、粗脂肪7个指标作为评价因素,对10个树种的抗火性进行聚类分析,结果表明:抗火性强的是冬青;抗火性较强的有3种,由强到弱依次是油茶、山杜英、拟赤杨;抗火性一般的有2种,由强到弱依次是苦槠、石栎;抗火性较弱的有4种,由强到弱依次是木荷、樟树、甜槠、罗浮栲。研究结果能为防火树种的筛选提供理论依据。